Chapter 8 - Utility Commands


	Description of the ConIX internal utility commands, available  for
	use on the command line.


				   - CONTENTS -
	__________________________________________________________________


	  8.  Utility Commands......................................   8-1

	    8.1	  = (Equals): Set Disk Variables....................   8-1

	    8.2	  ATRIB: Get/Set File Attributes....................   8-2

	    8.3	  BDEC:	Convert	Binary to Decimal...................   8-3

	    8.4	  BOT: Print Bottom Address of ConIX................   8-3

	    8.5	  BTOP:	Print BDOS Top Address......................   8-4

	    8.6	  BYE: Exit to CP/M.................................   8-4

	    8.7	  CHR: Convert ASCII to	Hex.........................   8-4

	    8.8	  CLS: Output Clear Screen Sequence.................   8-4

	    8.9	  COPY:	Copy a Disk File............................   8-5

	    8.10  DECB:	Convert	Decimal	to Binary...................   8-5

	    8.11  DEL: Delete Files with Confirmation...............   8-6

	    8.12  DIR: List Directory...............................   8-6

	    8.13  ECHO:	Print Arguments.............................   8-8

	    8.14  ERA: Erase Files..................................   8-9

	    8.15  EXAM:	Examine	Memory..............................   8-9

	    8.16  EXEC:	Execute	Arguments...........................   8-9

	    8.17  FILL:	Fill Memory with a Constant.................  8-10

	    8.18  FIND:	Find File in Search Path....................  8-10

	    8.19  FLUSH: Empty the Print Spooler....................  8-11

	    8.20  HXPR:	Convert	Hex to ASCII........................  8-11

	    8.21  IN: Input Data From a	Port........................  8-11



				      -	i -







	    8.22  INDEX: Find String................................  8-11

	    8.23  LOG: Log-In a	Drive...............................  8-12

	    8.24  MOVE:	Copy Memory.................................  8-13

	    8.25  OPT: Enter ConIX Options..........................  8-13

	      8.25.1   +/-AF: Set Archive File Location.............  8-14

	      8.25.2   +/-BC: Set Boot Command......................  8-15

	      8.25.3   +BP: Set	Bell in	Prompt......................  8-15

	      8.25.4   -BP: Remove Bell	in Prompt...................  8-15

	      8.25.5   +/-CD: Set Data Files Location...............  8-15

	      8.25.6   +/-CS: Set Clear	String Sequence.............  8-15

	      8.25.7   +/-CX: Set ConIX	Program	Location............  8-16

	      8.25.8   +/-DC: Set Number of DIR	Columns.............  8-16

	      8.25.9   +DL: Auto-Login on Disk Reset................  8-16

	      8.25.10  -DL: No Login on	Disk Reset..................  8-17

	      8.25.11  +DR: Disk Reset on Warm Boot.................  8-17

	      8.25.12  -DR: No Reset on	Warm Boot...................  8-17

	      8.25.13  +DW: Enable Disk	Wait Control................  8-17

	      8.25.14  -DW: Disable Disk Wait Control...............  8-17

	      8.25.15  +/-ER: Restore ConIX Environment.............  8-17

	      8.25.16  +/-ES: Save ConIX Environment................  8-18

	      8.25.17  +/-FC: Set Function Character Keys...........  8-18

	      8.25.18  +/-FK: Set Function Keys	Lead-in.............  8-19

	      8.25.19  +GS: Set	the GOSUB Stack.....................  8-19

	      8.25.20  -GS: Restore the	GOSUB Stack.................  8-19

	      8.25.21  +/-IA: Set Input	Port Address................  8-20

	      8.25.22  +/-IB: Set Input	Buffer Length...............  8-20

	      8.25.23  +/-IP: Set Input	Port Device.................  8-20

	      8.25.24  +/-MM: Set Memory Management.................  8-21



				      -	ii -







	      8.25.25  +/-OA: Set Output Port Address...............  8-21

	      8.25.26  +/-OB: Set Output Buffer	Length..............  8-22

	      8.25.27  +/-OP: Set Output Port Device................  8-22

	      8.25.28  +PC: Enable Command Print....................  8-23

	      8.25.29  -PC: Disable Command Print...................  8-23

	      8.25.30  +/-PF: Set Pipe File Location................  8-23

	      8.25.31  +PR: Enable Transcript Mode..................  8-23

	      8.25.32  -PR: Disable Transcript Mode.................  8-24

	      8.25.33  +PS: Set	Print Spooling......................  8-24

	      8.25.34  -PS: Disable Print Spooling..................  8-24

	      8.25.35  +SA: Enable Archive Searching................  8-25

	      8.25.36  -SA: Disable Archive Searching...............  8-25

	      8.25.37  +SB: Set	BDOS Address (&0006)................  8-25

	      8.25.38  -SB: Reset BDOS Address......................  8-26

	      8.25.39  +/-SL: Set Screen Length.....................  8-26

	      8.25.40  +SO: Enable Spooler on Output................  8-26

	      8.25.41  -SO: Disable Spooler on Output...............  8-26

	      8.25.42  +/-SP: Set Disk Search Path..................  8-26

	      8.25.43  +SS: Set	the SWITCH Stack....................  8-27

	      8.25.44  -SS: Restore the	SWITCH Stack................  8-27

	      8.25.45  +/-ST: Set Sleep	Time Constant...............  8-27

	      8.25.46  +TA: Set	Type-Ahead Buffer...................  8-28

	      8.25.47  -TA: Reset Type-Ahead Buffer.................  8-28

	      8.25.48  +/-TC: Set Type-Ahead Cancel Character.......  8-28

	      8.25.49  +TE: Enable Type-Ahead Echo..................  8-28

	      8.25.50  -TE: Disable Type-Ahead Echo.................  8-29

	      8.25.51  +TR: Enable Command Tracer...................  8-29

	      8.25.52  -TR: Disable Command Tracer..................  8-29



				     - iii -







	      8.25.53  +UC: Set	Upper Case Mapping..................  8-29

	      8.25.54  -UC: Disable Upper Case Mapping..............  8-29

	      8.25.55  +/-VF: Set Variable File	Location............  8-30

	      8.25.56  +XD: Enable ExpanDisk References.............  8-30

	      8.25.57  -XD: Disable ExpanDisk References............  8-30

	      8.25.58  +/-XS: Set Extension Search List.............  8-30

	      8.25.59  +XU: Set	Extended User Areas.................  8-30

	      8.25.60  -XU: Disable Extended User Areas.............  8-31

	    8.26  OUT: Output Data to a	Port........................  8-31

	    8.27  READ:	Read a File into Memory.....................  8-31

	    8.28  REN: Rename a	Disk File...........................  8-31

	    8.29  RESET: Reset Disks................................  8-32

	    8.30  SET: Set Disk	Variables...........................  8-32

	    8.31  SRCH:	Search for a Byte in Memory.................  8-33

	    8.32  TEXT:	Read Text with Editing......................  8-34

	    8.33  TOP: Print Top Address of ConIX...................  8-34

	    8.34  TYPE:	List File Contents..........................  8-35

	    8.35  UDIR:	List Files Through User	Areas...............  8-35

	    8.36  WP: Write Protect Disks...........................  8-35

	    8.37  WRITE: Write Memory to a File.....................  8-36

	    8.38  XSTAT: Print Exit Status..........................  8-36

	    8.39  ZAP: Modify Memory................................  8-37

	    8.40  Command Name Conflicts............................  8-37













				      -	iv -





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	8.  Utility Commands

	There are two major classifications of commands	under the ConIX
	environment.  The first	is the disk-based commands, which are
	executable programs stored on disk in files whose names	end with a
	.COM extension.	 These commands	are loaded from	disk into memory
	each time they are requested on	the command line.

	The second classification is the internal commands, which are
	executable programs that are resident within ConIX itself.  They
	are loaded from	the main CONIX.COM file, and executed directly
	from the memory	which ConIX occupies.  These built-in functions
	are used for such mundane tasks	as listing, examining, erasing,
	and renaming files.  Also available are	commands that allow access
	to system memory.  The sections	that follow will detail	the usage
	of the ConIX internal utility commands.


	8.1  = (Equals): Set Disk Variables

		<A:00> = <variable> (value)

	The `='	or Equals command is used to set the contents of the 52
	disk-based letter variables.  The variable to be set is	specified
	by a single upper/lower	case letter, a-z or A-Z.  Its value may	be
	supplied as the	following argument on the command line.	 If no
	value is given,	a line of raw (uneditable) console input will be
	taken as the value.

	For example, the command line:

		<A:00> = a "hello"

	will set the variable $A to contain the	string "hello".
	Similarly, the command:

		<A:00> = a
		hello
		<A:00>

	will also set the $A variable to the value of "hello".	The only
	difference is that, in the latter case,	the value of the variable
	was taken from the console input stream	instead	of the command
	line.  This is most useful for setting a variable from the output
	stream of a program, as:

		<A:00> dir | = a

	where $A is set	to the first line of the output	from the DIR
	command.  Any control characters passed	through	the input stream
	of the command will not	be stripped, but stored	as data	within the
	variable.  For example,	the sequence:






				       8-1





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

		<A:00> = a
		g<-hello
		<A:00>

	where you typed	a `g' by mistake, hit backspace, then typed the
	correct	string.	 The $A	variable will contain the backspace
	control	character (CTRL-H), since the variable is set to the raw
	input from the keyboard.  The end of input is signaled by the
	<RETURN> or CTRL-M character.  To input	with editing, use:

		<A:00> getl |@ = <variable>

	where the GETL command will read a line	of editable input from the
	system keyboard	into the given variable.

	The contents of	all letter variables are stored	in the disk file
	A:0/VARS.SET.  This file is created with its SYStem attribute set,
	and will therefore not appear in a regular directory listing.  If
	the file does not exist, it will be created when a variable is
	set.  Each variable stored in the file is assigned a maximum space
	of 255 bytes.  The directory location of the variables file is
	settable via the OPT +/-VF internal command.

	Should the command line	argument be null (""), or the input
	contain	only a blank line, the variable	will be	reset to contain
	no value.  All letter variables	are initialized	to hold	no data
	value.	If the variable	had a value and	was later reset	to null,
	its entry slot is freed	from the disk variable file.  This slot
	may later be occupied by the same or another variable.	Disk space
	is not freed by	this action.


	8.2  ATRIB: Get/Set File Attributes

		<A:00> atrib <#num> <#action> <filename>

	There are special attributes which may be set in the name of a
	file that indicate certain things about	the way	it is stored.  For
	example, the SYStem or DIRectory attribute determines whether or
	not the	file will be printed in	a regular directory listing.
	There is also the R/O (Read-Only) and R/W (Read-Write) attribute
	which determines if a file may be modified.

	The ATRIB command allows you to	manipulate these file attributes.
	The num	argument refers	to the particular attribute bit, a number
	which may range	from 0-11.  Each attribute number corresponds the
	setting	of the high-bit	of one of the twelve possible characters
	in a filename.

	The action argument determines the action that is to take place	on
	the specified attribute.  If action is 0, the attribute	is reset
	to zero	(the hi-bit turned off).  If action is 1, the attribute
	bit will be activated.	If action is 2,	the current setting of the
	attribute will be listed.  The filename	argument specifies the
	file that is to	be affected by this action.



				       8-2





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	Although 12 attributes are available, only two are actually pre-
	assigned certain meanings.  They are:

	     tab(@); lw(.5i)0 l	l.  #9@0 = R/W@1 = R/O #10@0 = DIR@1 = SYS

	The others are available for your own purposes.

	To illustrate, let's say you wanted to find if a file has its SYS
	attribute set.	You may	type:

		<A:00> atrib 10	2 foo.asm
		0
		<A:00>

	which prints the setting of the	tenth attribute	bit of the file
	FOO.ASM.  In this case it is zero, indicating that the file is
	DIR.

	You may	now decide to change it	to SYS,	as:

		<A:00> atrib 10	1 foo.asm

	which sets the tenth attribute to an ``on'' value, thus	making the
	file SYS.  Examining this attribute would now show:

		<A:00> atrib 10	2 foo.asm
		1
		<A:00>

	where the `1' indicates	that the attribute bit is set.


	8.3  BDEC: Convert Binary to Decimal

		<A:00> bdec (&num)

	BDEC will convert the 16-bit hexadecimal number, num, given as its
	argument into its decimal equivalent.  For example:

		<A:00> bdec ffff
		65535
		<A:00>

	where FFFF hex is equal	to 65535 decimal.


	8.4  BOT: Print	Bottom Address of ConIX

		<A:00> bot

	The BOT	internal command prints	the bottom or ending address of
	ConIX in memory.  This address references the first byte after the
	last memory location occupied by ConIX.	 Memory	between	this
	address	and the	start of the BDOS (as reported by the BTOP
	command) is not	used by	any system or application software, and	is



				       8-3





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	available for private data storage.  Note that this area may be
	lengthened by specifying a lower relocation address at INSTALL
	time.


	8.5  BTOP: Print BDOS Top Address

		<A:00> btop

	BTOP is	used to	determine the top or starting address of the CP/M
	BDOS in	memory.	 This address points to	the first byte of the JMP
	instruction into the original CP/M syscall decoder.


	8.6  BYE: Exit to CP/M

		<A:00> bye

	The BYE	command	will terminate the execution of	ConIX, and return
	control	to the resident	CP/M CCP.  This	command, in effect,
	performs a BIOS	warm boot operation, which causes CP/M and the CCP
	to be reloaded from the	system tracks of the A:	disk, and then
	executed.  Of course, be sure that the disk in A: contains a CP/M
	system image before executing BYE.


	8.7  CHR: Convert ASCII	to Hex

		<A:00> chr (string)

	CHR will convert and print the hexadecimal equivalent of the ASCII
	character string given as its first argument.  For example, the
	command:

		<A:00> chr "hello"
		68 65 6C 6C 6F
		<A:00>

	where `h' was converted	to 68 hex, `e' to 65, etc.


	8.8  CLS: Output Clear Screen Sequence

		<A:00> cls

	CLS will output	the contents of	the clear screen sequence, as set
	by the OPT +/-CS internal command.  This feature was chosen so as
	to provide portability between systems that use	different
	character sequences to clear the terminal screen.









				       8-4





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	8.9  COPY: Copy	a Disk File

		<A:00> copy <dest>=<source>

	This command will copy the contents of the disk	file source to the
	file dest.  For	example:

		<A:00> copy foo.sav=foo.asm

	will make a copy of the	file FOO.ASM in	FOO.SAV.  The destination
	file must be non-existent, or else an error message will be
	printed	and the	copy function will be aborted.

	Additionally, you may copy from	a source file that is stored in	a
	different disk or user area, as:

		<A:00> copy foo.sav=b:10/foo.asm

	where the source file resides on B:10/ and the copy will be made
	in the current default directory.  If the copy is also to reside
	in a different directory, specify the disk and/or user area as:

		<A:00> copy b:10/foo.sav=b:10/foo.asm

	where the copy will be made in B:10/, the same directory that
	contains the source file.

	If the filename	and extension specification in dest is not
	supplied, the source filename will be assumed, as:

		<A:00> copy a:=b:foo.asm

	where a	copy of	B:0/FOO.ASM is made in A:0/.

	Note that the COPY command uses	TPA memory from	location 100 until
	the top	of ConIX (if necessary)	to buffer the read/writes.
	Programs or data residing in the TPA may be overwritten	by this
	function.

	Note that COPY strips the R/O (read-only) attribute bit	when
	creating the destination file.


	8.10  DECB: Convert Decimal to Binary

		<A:00> decb (#num)

	DECB will convert the decimal number, num, given as its	argument,
	into its 16-bit	hexadecimal equivalent.	 For example:

		<A:00> decb 65535
		FFFF
		<A:00>





				       8-5





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	where 65535 decimal is equal to	FFFF hex.


	8.11  DEL: Delete Files	with Confirmation

		<A:00> del <file(s)>

	The DEL	command	is used	for deleting disk files	with user-
	interactive questioning.  For each file	that is	specified or
	matched, the user is asked to confirm whether or not the file is
	to be deleted.	Respond	with a `y' to erase the	file, or any other
	character to leave it on disk.	These responses	are read in
	``raw''	mode as	single characters, therefore no	carriage return	is
	necessary after	your response.	Any combination	of filenames or
	patterns (using	the `*'	and `?'	characters) may	be specified as
	arguments to DEL.  For example:

		<A:00> del foo.asm 10/*.com
		A:00/FOO.ASM (y/n) ? y
		A:10/FOO.COM (y/n) ? n
		A:10/BAR.COM (y/n) ? <RETURN>
		<A:00>

	where only the first file, FOO.ASM, was	deleted	since the user
	responded with a `y' affirmative.  Note	that the command:

		<A:00> del *.*

	is quite powerful, although not	dangerous at all, since	you are
	given the ability to selectively delete	the matched files.  It is
	recommended if you have	a disk with many files to clean	up, and	do
	not want to specify each one on	the command line.


	8.12  DIR: List	Directory

		<A:00> dir (file(s))

	The DIR	command	is used	to list	the files stored in the	disk
	directory.  Any	combination of filenames or patterns (using the
	`?' and	`*' characters)	may be specified as arguments to DIR.  For
	example:

		<A:00> dir foo.asm *.com
		A:00  FOO      ASM
		A:00  FOO      COM  :  BAR	COM
		<A:00>

	where the requested file and any files matching	the given pattern
	were listed.  If no file arguments are specified, the current disk
	directory will be listed, as:







				       8-6





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

		<A:00> dir
		A:00  FOO      ASM  :  FOO	COM  :	BAR	 COM
		<A:00>

	If only	a disk and/or user area	is specified, the entire directory
	of that	disk and user area will	be listed, as in:

		<A:00> dir b: 10/
		B:00  FOOBAR   ASM
		A:10  FOOSAV   ASM  :  BARSAV	ASM
		<A:00>

	Note that the extra white space	before and after the listed
	filenames is used to indicate whether a	file has its SYStem
	(invisible) or R/O (read-only) attributes set.	If the file is
	stored with its	invisible attribute set, it can	only be	listed by
	specifying a pattern or	its exact filename, and	its name will be
	enclosed in parenthesis	to indicate the	setting	of this	attribute.
	A file which is	stored with its	read-only attribute set	will be
	listed with an asterisk	to the right of	its name.

	For example, let's say the directory of	A:01 contained the
	following files:  TEST.ASM - Read Only,	TEST.HEX - System, and
	TEST.COM - Read	Only and System.  The command:

		<A:00> dir 1/
		A:01  TEST     ASM *
		<A:00>

	lists only one file, TEST.ASM, which is	read-only.  The	other two
	files are not listed because they have the invisible attribute
	set.  We can, therefore, define	``invisible'' as meaning that the
	file will not be printed in a regular directory	listing.  This
	feature	can be defeated	by typing:

		<A:00> dir 1/*.*
		A:01  TEST    ASM *: (TEST    HEX) : (TEST    COM)*
		<A:00>

	which lists all	the files in the directory, including the
	invisible ones.	 The total number of all files listed is stored	in
	the $$0	hex variable, which is accessible as:

		<A:00> bdec $$0
		3
		<A:00>

	which, after the previous example, would be 3, since that many
	files were listed.









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	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	8.13  ECHO: Print Arguments

		<A:00> echo (arg(s)) (\>#column) . . .

	The simplest form of the ECHO command occurs when it is	used to
	display	its arguments on the console screen, as:

		<A:00> echo hello world!
		HELLO WORLD!
		<A:00>

	where the two arguments	HELLO and WORLD!  were output to the
	console	screen.

	ECHO also contains a special formatting	instruction which may be
	used to	generate columnar output.  For example:

		<A:00> echo  1 \>5  2  \>10  3	\>15  4
		1      2      3	     4
		<A:00>

	where ``\>5'' indicates	a tab to column	5, ``\>10'' to column 10,
	etc.  If the actual column number is greater than the one
	requested, no tab will take place.  The	tabified format	is
	achieved through the output of the appropriate number of space
	characters.

	ECHO terminates	each line of output with a CR/LF sequence.  If
	this is	not desired, simply place two backslashes after	the last
	character in the last argument,	as:

		<A:00> echo hello\\; echo \ there!
		HELLO THERE!
		<A:00>

	where the first	ECHO didn't terminate the output line with a CR/LF
	so that	the second could continue from that point.  This is most
	useful for prompting for user input within Command Language
	programs.

	ECHO is	also useful for	outputting strings to memory or	system
	devices.  For example, to feed a sheet of paper	out of your
	printer, you can use:

		<A:00> echo ^l\\ > :lst

	which will send	a form-feed (CTRL-L) character to the system
	printer	device.










				       8-8





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	8.14  ERA: Erase Files

		<A:00> era <file(s)>

	The ERA	command	is used	to erase files stored in the disk
	directory.  Each file which is specified or matched by a pattern
	(using the `?' and `*' characters) will	be removed without
	confirmation, as in:

		<A:00> era foo.asm 10/*.com
		<A:00>

	Only error messages are	printed	after the invocation of	ERA to
	indicate a bad or non-existent filename	or pattern.  A returned
	prompt should be taken as an indication	that the requested files
	were successfully deleted.

	Users that are left rather uncomfortable by the	silence	of ERA
	should use the DEL command instead, which prompts for each
	individual file	to be deleted.


	8.15  EXAM: Examine Memory

		<A:00> exam <&start> <&end>

	EXAM is	used to	examine	the contents of	system memory.	The hex
	data values in memory from the start to	end addresses will be
	listed to the console screen.  The right margin	of the listing
	will contain an	ASCII interpretation of	the data in memory.  If
	the data at a particular memory	location is a printable	character
	(20 hex	to 7E hex), it will be printed in ASCII	as that	character.
	Otherwise, a `.' will be substituted in	its place.  If the hi-bit
	of the character is on,	it will	be interpreted as if it	had been
	off.  The value	of the first and last byte printed is saved in the
	hex variables $$0 and $$1, respectively.


	8.16  EXEC: Execute Arguments

		<A:00> exec (arg(s))

	EXEC takes its arguments and transmits them back into the input
	command	line to	be re-parsed.  In effect, it's like EXEC types the
	input once again for you.  It is mainly	intended for use with the
	ConIX variables.

	To illustrate, let's say the variable $A contained the string:

		dir>dir.out

	which appears to be a command that would execute the DIR command
	with its output	redirected into	the file DIR.OUT.  If you were to
	try and	execute	the contents of	this variable as:




				       8-9





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

		<A:00> $a
		DIR>DIR.OUT?
		<A:00>

	you'd get an error, because ConIX does not ``parse'' the
	characters within the variable,	and didn't determine that output
	redirection was	requested.  To get this	to function properly, use
	the EXEC command, as:

		<A:00> exec $a

	which would then reparse the contents of the $A	variable as its
	argument into the proper command sequence.

	If you wanted to execute $A more conveniently, you could set the
	variable to contain the	EXEC command, as:

		exec dir>dir.out

	and then you could simply type:

		<A:00> $a

	to execute the command.

	Note that any arguments	to EXEC	which were specified in	double
	quotes will remain in double quotes when reparsed.  Additionally,
	EXEC can only reparse up to 128	characters.  Excess characters
	will cause an ``overflow'' message to be printed.


	8.17  FILL: Fill Memory	with a Constant

		<A:00> fill <&start> <&end> <&value>

	The FILL command is used to fill an area of system memory from the
	start to end addresses with the	specified value.  The most common
	usage is:

		<A:00> fill 100	fff 0

	which will zero	memory so you can see what a program modified in
	memory after it	executes.


	8.18  FIND: Find File in Search	Path

		<A:00> find <filename>

	The FIND command is used to locate a file in the search	path.  If
	the given filename contains no disk or user area reference, a
	search through the path	will be	performed.  Otherwise, FIND will
	look only in the specified directory.  If the file is found, its
	full disk and user specification, including the	filename itself,
	will be	printed	to the screen.	Bad exit status	will be	returned



				       8-10





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	if the file cannot be found.


	8.19  FLUSH: Empty the Print Spooler

		<A:00> flush

	The FLUSH command is used to wait until	all characters in the
	spool file have	been sent to the printer.  This	is useful in
	combination with the OPT -PS command, which is used to turn the
	spooler	off.  Use a FLUSH beforehand to	make sure that the spooler
	is not disabled	while there are	still characters in it that are
	waiting	to be sent to the printer.


	8.20  HXPR: Convert Hex	to ASCII

		<A:00> hxpr (&numlist)

	HXPR will convert the 8-bit hex	numbers	given as its arguments
	into their ASCII equivalents.  These characters	will be	printed	to
	the screen, as in:

		<A:00> hxpr 68 65 6C 6C	6F
		hello
		<A:00>

	where 68 was converted to `h', 65 to `e', and so on.


	8.21  IN: Input	Data From a Port

		<A:00> in <&port>

	The IN command is used to read and print the value at the
	specified system machine port, as in:

		<A:00> in 20
		FF
		<A:00>

	where FF is the	hex value read from system port	#20 hex, and is
	saved in the $$0 hex variable.	Legal port numbers range from 0	to
	FF, which is the standard number of ports that the 8080/Z80
	processors can address.


	8.22  INDEX: Find String

		<A:00> index <str1> (str2)

	INDEX is used to search	for the	occurrence of the string str1
	within str2.  If found,	the character position of the match is
	stored in $$0, and good	exit status is returned.  Otherwise, $$0
	is set to zero,	and INDEX returns bad exit status.  For	example:



				       8-11





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

		<A:00> index hello abchellodef
		<A:00> xstat
		00
		<A:00> bdec $$0
		4
		<A:00>

	This command sequence indicates	that the string	HELLO was found
	within the string ABCHELLODEF, starting	at the fourth character.
	Good exit status was also returned.

	If str2	is omitted, the	input stream is	searched for a match of
	str1.  Each line which contains	str1 within it will be printed to
	the screen.  If	a match	occurs,	$$0 will be set	to the character
	position of the	first match, and $$1 to	the last.  Bad exit status
	will be	returned if no match occurred.	For example,

		<A:00> index test < file.txt

	will list each line read from the given	input file, FILE.TXT, that
	contains the character string TEST.


	8.23  LOG: Log-In a Drive

		<A:00> log (drive(s))

	When CP/M is initially booted, all disk	drives,	except for A:,
	come up	in a ``reset state'', namely CP/M does not yet know of
	their existence.  That's why the first time you	type ``B:'' there
	is a delay while CP/M tries to figure out what kind of a drive it
	is, and	what is	stored in the directory.  This process is called
	the Disk Login,	and is used mainly to determine	the amount of free
	space that is available	for writing onto the disk.  From then on,
	every time the disk directory is accessed, CP/M	compares it to
	what the directory should be.  If they differ, then the	disk was
	probably changed, and the drive	is set to read only.

	The LOG	command	is used	to activate the	disk login vector.  The
	specified drives are referenced	by a single letter (A-P)
	corresponding to the drive to be logged	in.  For example:

		<A:00> log b

	will cause drive B: to be logged in.  Similarly,

		<A:00> log bcd

	will cause drive B:, C:	and D: to be activated.	 If the	drive
	specification is eliminated, as:

		<A:00> log

	then all drives	appearing in the disk search path will be logged
	in.  This is especially	useful for conveniently	activating your



				       8-12





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	drives for auto	searching after	a disk reset.

	Note that any drives which were	already	activated will not be
	logged in again.  Any drive which is unlogged must be ready and
	on-line, since the login process requires a disk to be loaded in
	the drive.  If there is	none, the system may hang.

	If a question mark is given as an argument to LOG, a single letter
	corresponding to each currently	logged-in disk will be printed to
	the screen.  For example:

		<A:00> log ?
		AB
		<A:00>

	indicates that drives A: and B:	are currently activated.


	8.24  MOVE: Copy Memory

		<A:00> move <&start> <&end> <&new>

	MOVE will move or copy memory from one region to another.  The
	block to be copied is specified	by the start and end addresses.
	The location to	which it is to be copied is specified as new.  The
	amount of memory which will be changed is determined by	the size
	of the source block.


	8.25  OPT: Enter ConIX Options

		<A:00> opt +/-/?<option> (arg(s))

	The OPT	command	is the most extensive of all the internal
	utilities, allowing you	to change many default settings	within the
	ConIX system.  With this command, you can customize the	way ConIX
	will operate in	your particular	environment.

	The option argument is a two letter mnemonic referring to the
	specific setting you wish to change.  The option name must be
	preceded by a `+', `-',	or `?',	to indicate the	action to be
	taken.

	Many options have dual purposes.  The first may	be a positive
	action,	as ``yes'' to do the action, as	indicated by the `+'
	character.  The	second may be negative,	as ``not'' to do the
	action,	or to reverse its meaning, as indicated	by the `-'
	character.  The	`?' is used to query the current setting of the
	specified option.

	For example, the action	of the BP option is to set a bell in the
	system prompt.	It may be used as:

		<A:00> opt +bp




				       8-13





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	where the `+' means, ``yes, set	the bell in the	prompt''.
	Conversely, you	could type:

		<A:00> opt -bp

	where the `-' means, ``no, do not set the bell'', which	would turn
	off the	bell if	it was on.

	Some options require arguments which may be given on the command
	line, immediately following the	option name.  For example, the DC
	option sets the	number of columns displayed by the DIR command,
	as:

		<A:00> opt +dc 4

	where the argument to the DC option indicates that four	columns
	are to be printed in a directory listing.

	To query the current setting of	an option, use the `?' specifier,
	as, for	example:

		<A:00> opt ?dc
		4
		<A:00>

	which shows the	DC option to be	set for	4 output columns.

	Note that, in order to save memory, there is very little error
	checking done by the OPT command.  It is assumed that the user
	will supply the	correct	arguments and values to	the selected
	option.	 Be careful, as	specifying incorrect options may produce
	strange	results.  The following	sections contain usage
	descriptions of	all available options.


	8.25.1	+/-AF: Set Archive File	Location

		<A:00> opt +/-af (D:)(#/)

	Commands which are preceded by a `%' are read from the default
	archive	file, %.ARC.  By default, ConIX	will look for this file	on
	drive A, user area 0 (A:0/).  This location may	be changed by
	using the AF option, where D: is the disk code (A: - P:), and #/
	is the user area (0/ - 31/).  Either or	both of	these codes may	be
	specified in the argument string.  If any is omitted, the current
	value will be assumed.	For example:

		<A:00> opt +af b:

	changes	the default from A:0/ to B:0/.








				       8-14





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	8.25.2	+/-BC: Set Boot	Command

		<A:00> opt +/-bc <command>

	ConIX provides a special ``command boot'' feature that allows the
	user to	simply hit CTRL-B at the system	prompt and boot	up a
	predetermined program.	By default, this program is set	to
	``MENU'', but may be changed with the BC option	to the desired
	command	string (maximum	32 characters).


	8.25.3	+BP: Set Bell in Prompt

		<A:00> opt +bp

	Invoking the +BP option	will set a bell	character (07) to be
	embedded within	the system prompt string.  This	will cause the
	console	terminal bell to sound each time the prompt is listed.
	This is	useful if you are performing many time consuming
	operations, and	would like an audible notification of when the
	process	is completed, and the prompt is	returned.


	8.25.4	-BP: Remove Bell in Prompt

		<A:00> opt -bp

	The -BP	option is used to remove the bell character from the
	system prompt string, returning	it to a	``silent mode''.  This
	setting	is the startup default.


	8.25.5	+/-CD: Set Data	Files Location

		<A:00> opt +/-cd (D:)(#/)

	The CD option is used to change	the directory in which ConIX will
	store its temporary operational	data files.  This includes the
	CONIX.DAT/$ file which holds the contents of the Permanent Data
	Storage	Section	of ConIX, created when the highest level of memory
	management is invoked.	Also included is the CONIX.ENV environment
	file, which is utilized	whenever one Command Language program
	nests to another.

	By default, these files	are stored in the directory from which
	ConIX was initially invoked.  This location may	be changed by the
	CD option to the specified disk	and/or user area.


	8.25.6	+/-CS: Set Clear String	Sequence

		<A:00> opt +/-cs (string)

	This option will set the value of the clear string sequence output
	to the screen by the CLS command.  The characters in this string



				       8-15





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	should cause the console screen	to clear, placing the cursor in
	the left topmost position (home).  If the console is a printer,
	this string should contain a character sequence	that would advance
	the paper to the top of	the next page, with the	carriage
	positioned at the beginning of the line.

	The characters in the string are specified directly on the command
	line in	the first argument to the CS option.  Up to 7 characters
	may be used for	the clear string.  Control codes may be
	represented by using the `^' character.	 By default, the clear
	string is not set.


	8.25.7	+/-CX: Set ConIX Program Location

		<A:00> opt +/-cx (D:)(#/)

	The ConIX Operating System is stored on	disk in	the file
	CONIX.COM, which is loaded into	memory from the	CP/M CCP after a
	cold system reset.  This file is later used by ConIX to	reload
	itself after memory management is invoked.  It is assumed to be
	stored,	by default, on the drive and user area from which ConIX
	was initially loaded.

	The CX option is used to change	the directory of the ConIX machine
	code file.  The	new location is	specified in the first argument,
	where D: is the	disk code (A: -	P:), and `#/' is the user area (0/
	- 31/).	 Either	or both	of these codes may be supplied in the
	argument string.


	8.25.8	+/-DC: Set Number of DIR Columns

		<A:00> opt +/-dc <#cols>

	The DIR	command	lists directory	files in columnar form.	 With the
	DC option, you can set the output to be	formatted by cols number
	of columns.  The default startup setting is 4.


	8.25.9	+DL: Auto-Login	on Disk	Reset

		<A:00> opt +dl

	When this option is set, all search path disks will be
	automatically logged in	after a	disk reset.  This entire operation
	has the	same effect as typing the commands RESET and LOG on the
	command	line.

	If the +DR and +DL options are both in effect, a warm boot by a
	program	or a CTRL-C entered at the system prompt will cause the
	reset and login	function to be executed.  Otherwise, should the	-
	DR option alone	be in effect, only a CTRL-C at the prompt level
	will cause this	operation to take place.




				       8-16





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	8.25.10	 -DL: No Login on Disk Reset

		<A:00> opt -dl

	The -DL	option is used to disable the drive auto-login feature.
	This is	the default mode of operation.	The current setting of
	+/-DR will remain unchanged after this option is iNvoked.


	8.25.11	 +DR: Disk Reset on Warm Boot

		<A:00> opt +dr

	When this option is enabled, a program which terminates	in a warm
	boot (jump to location 0000 or BDOS system call	0) will	cause an
	automatic disk reset.  This is operationally equivalent	to
	entering the RESET command at the system prompt	after the program
	finishes execution.  In	addition, if the +DL option is set, all
	search path disks will be logged in after the reset.


	8.25.12	 -DR: No Reset on Warm Boot

		<A:00> opt -dr

	This option is used to disable auto-reset after	program	warm boot,
	and is the default mode	of operation.  The setting of +/-DL will
	not be changed by the invocation of this option.


	8.25.13	 +DW: Enable Disk Wait Control

		<A:00> opt +dw

	The +DW	option enables Disk Wait Control, which	allows you to use
	a CTRL-S to pause execution when a program is accessing	disk.
	Once paused, you may abort using CTRL-C, or continue by	typing any
	other character.  This feature is, by default, enabled on startup.


	8.25.14	 -DW: Disable Disk Wait	Control

		<A:00> opt -dw

	The -DW	option disables	CTRL-S pause control during disk accesses,
	and is used primarily to disallow an abort when	performing
	operations that	should not be disturbed	by the user.


	8.25.15	 +/-ER:	Restore	ConIX Environment

		<A:00> opt +/-er

	The ER option is used to restore the ConIX environment saved in
	the CONIX.DAT/$	file by	the ES option, below.  Note that, when



				       8-17





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	used with Command Language programs, the restoration of	the
	environment will cause command execution to start from the point
	at which the environment was initially saved.


	8.25.16	 +/-ES:	Save ConIX Environment

		<A:00> opt +/-es

	The ConIX environment refers to	the permanent data section, namely
	Memory Management level	7.  It is in this section that the current
	settings of all	options	and features are stored.  When managed out
	(memory	level above 7),	this segment is	saved into and recalled
	from the CONIX.DAT/$ file.  The	ES option simulates this ``save''
	operation, storing the contents	of the permanent data section in
	the environment	file.  This file can be	used later to facilitate
	the quick restoration of the environment if ConIX has to be
	``cold'' reloaded (as is done within the WARMBT	program.)


	8.25.17	 +/-FC:	Set Function Character Keys

		<A:00> opt +/-fc <&lead-in> (+)(&key) (&value) . . .

	This option is used to set the lead-in character used to access
	the Programmable Function Character Keys as well as the	values of
	the keys themselves.  To change	only the lead-in character,
	specify	its hex	code as	the first argument after the FC	option.
	This will set the given	key to indicate	the start of a function
	character sequence.  Typically,	you should set the lead-in
	character to be	in the control range (00 - 1F hex), although any
	value is allowed.  To enter the	lead-in	character as input to a
	program, simply	type it	twice.	By default, the	lead-in	is not
	set, but CTRL-K	or 0B hex is recommended.

	To set the function character keys, specify the	hex code for the
	key and	its corresponding value, each as separate arguments.
	These definitions must appear on the command line directly after
	the lead-in argument.  To avoid	resetting the lead-in each time	a
	key is given, substitute the null string ("") for the lead-in
	argument, and the current value	will be	assumed.

	Setting	one character key will cause all other key values to be
	reset, unless a	`+' is specified before	the first key argument.
	In this	case, all subsequent definitions will be added to those
	keys currently set.  Up	to 24 key definitions can be made.  Any
	excess will be ignored.	 By default, some character keys will be
	preset at startup, as:

		A = @	At-sign
		B = \	Backslash
		C = ^	Caret or Circumflex
		D = DEL	DELETE or Rub Out (7F hex)
		K = }	Close Brace
		L = [	Left Bracket



				       8-18





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

		O = {	Open Brace
		P = |	Pipe Symbol
		Q = `	Backwards Quote
		R = ]	Right Bracket
		T = ~	Tilde
		U = _	Underscore
		X = !	Exclamation Point

	These keys were	chosen because they are	often not found	on some	older
	keyboards.  Many of them have special meaning to ConIX,	and
	come preset and	ready for use, if needed.


	8.25.18	 +/-FK:	Set Function Keys Lead-in

		<A:00> opt +/-fk <&lead-in>

	This option is used to set the lead-in for the Programmable
	Function Keys.	The lead-in argument is	a hex byte code
	corresponding to the character which would indicate the	start of a
	function key sequence.	It should be set to a value in the control
	range (00 - 1F hex), although any value	is permissible.	 To enter
	the lead-in as an actual character to a	program, simply	type it
	twice.	By default, the	lead-in	is not set, although a CTRL-F or
	06 hex is recommended.


	8.25.19	 +GS: Set the GOSUB Stack

		<A:00> opt +gs <&address> (#levels)

	The +GS	option allows the location in memory of	the GOSUB stack	to
	be set to a user-supplied address.  The	size of	the stack is
	specified by levels, which indicates the maximum number	of levels
	to which a GOSUB may be	nested.	 If no level number is specified,
	a default of 16	will be	assumed, with each level requiring 3 bytes
	of memory.  The	end address of the stack is equal to address +
	(levels	* 3).

	The default stack setting resides in an	area within ConIX memory
	that can accommodate up	to 16 nested levels.  This default is
	activated whenever a Command Language program is invoked.
	Therefore, the GS option can only be used to modify the	stack
	location within	a running program.


	8.25.20	 -GS: Restore the GOSUB	Stack

		<A:00> opt -gs

	The -GS	option is used to reset	the GOSUB stack	to use the default
	internal stack of 16 levels.






				       8-19





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	8.25.21	 +/-IA:	Set Input Port Address

		<A:00> opt +/-ia <&address>

	The input port address is used to reference a machine code routine
	which will do character	input as the :UIA device.  The IA option
	is used	to set this routine to begin at	the specified address in
	memory.	 This program should return the	input character	in the CPU
	Accumulator, with the end of the input stream marked by	an EOF
	character (CTRL-Z).  Of	course,	the device driver should be loaded
	into memory before the device is referenced on the command line.


	8.25.22	 +/-IB:	Set Input Buffer Length

		<A:00> opt +/-ib <#records>

	A data buffer is automatically created at the end of the TPA
	whenever input is being	redirected from	a disk file.  This buffer
	will contain the characters being read from the	input file, and	is
	intended to cut	down on	the number of disk accesses necessary when
	reading	data from a file.  ConIX will read a block of characters
	into the memory	buffer and then	transfer them individually to the
	input of the running program.

	The IB option will set the number of 128 byte records that are to
	be used	for buffering the input	file in	memory.	 The maximum
	number of records is 16, or a buffer size of 2048 bytes, with the
	startup	default	being 8	records.

	Note that this option is most useful for computers which use
	single density disks.  Many double density systems already buffer
	1024 bytes in memory, therefore	making the input redirection
	buffer redundant and unnecessary.  For such systems, the minimum
	record count of	1 is recommended.


	8.25.23	 +/-IP:	Set Input Port Device

	       <A:00> opt +/-ip	<&stat><&mask><0/1><&data>

	The IP option will set the parameters of the special user-
	definable input	device,	:UDI.  This is done by internally using	a
	procedure to read a system status port,	stat, masking off the
	ready bits using the mask byte,	and checking if	the data is ready.
	The 0/1	argument specifies which overall value at the status port
	indicates the ready condition.	If "0" is given, a zero	value of
	the masked bits	means that the data is ready.  Otherwise, if a "1"
	is given, a non-zero value is taken to indicate	data ready.  In
	any case, when the data	is tested to be	ready, it is read from the
	machine	port data and returned to the running program.

	This entire procedure can be internally	summarized as a	simple
	8080 assembly language routine:




				       8-20





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	1) For a zero mask value:

	    wait: in	 status	; read the status port		 ani
	mask   ; strip off the ready bits	    jnz	   wait	  ; if any
	bits are on, keep trying	   in	  data	 ; read	the data
		  ret		; return character to program

	2) For a non-zero mask value:

	    wait: in	 status	; read the status port		 ani
	mask   ; strip off the ready bits	    jz	   wait	  ; if no
	bits are on, keep trying	   in	  data	 ; read	the data
		  ret		; return character to program

	The most typical implementation	is the second one, since most I/O
	ports use a non-zero value in the mask bits to indicate	the data
	ready condition.  The end of the stream	of input characters should
	be marked by an	EOF (CTRL-Z).


	8.25.24	 +/-MM:	Set Memory Management

		<A:00> opt +/-mm <#level>

	This option is used to set the default memory management level,
	indicating the topmost segment of ConIX	which is to remain in
	memory when a disk-based command (.COM)	file is	executed.  The
	level number may range from 1 to 8, where 1 is the lowest level
	(all of	ConIX remains in memory) and 8 is the largest (all but the
	1/2K loader will be removed).  By default, the management level	is
	set to 1 at startup.

	Note that, as expected,	OPT ?MM	will print the current memory
	level number.  In addition, supplying a	particular level argument
	will give you the address in memory of the beginning of	the
	specified level.


	8.25.25	 +/-OA:	Set Output Port	Address

		<A:00> opt +/-oa <&address>

	The output port	address	is used	to reference a machine code
	routine	which will do character	output as the :UOA device.  The	OA
	option is used to set this routine to begin at the specified
	address	in memory.  The	device handler should expect to	receive
	the output character in	the E register.	 Be sure that this routine
	has been loaded	into memory before referencing the device.










				       8-21





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	8.25.26	 +/-OB:	Set Output Buffer Length

		<A:00> opt +/-ob <#records>

	When output is redirected to a disk file, a buffer is
	automatically created at the TPA end in	order to cut down on the
	number of disk accesses	necessary when writing the output file.
	ConIX will first fill this block in memory with	the output
	characters before transferring them to the disk	file.

	The OB option will set the number of 128 byte records of output	to
	be buffered in memory.	The maximum number of records that can be
	allocated to this buffer is 16,	or 2048	bytes.	The default buffer
	size is	8 records, although a record count of 1	is recommended for
	systems	which internally buffer	disk operations	in 1024	byte
	blocks.


	8.25.27	 +/-OP:	Set Output Port	Device

	       <A:00> opt +/-op<&stat><&mask><0/1><&data>

	This option will set the parameters of the special user-definable
	output device, :UDO.  Output to	this device references an internal
	procedure to read a system status port,	masking	off the	ready bits
	using the mask byte, and checking if the device	is ready to
	receive	the data.  The 0/1 argument specifies what overall value
	of the mask bits will indicate that the	output port is ready.  If
	"0" is given, a	zero value of the masked bits means that the data
	can be sent to the device.  Otherwise, if a "1"	is given, a non-
	zero value will	indicate the ready condition.  In any case, when
	the device is tested to	be ready, the character	will be	sent to
	the given data port.

	The following 8080 code	demonstrates this operation:

	1) For a zero mask value:

	    wait: in	 status	; read the status port		 ani
	mask   ; strip off the ready bits	    jnz	   wait	  ; if any
	bits are on, keep trying	   mov	  a,e	 ; get the data
	from the E register	      out    data   ; send it to the
	device		 ret	       ; done

	2) For a non-zero mask value:

	    wait: in	 status	; read the status port		 ani
	mask   ; strip off the ready bits	    jz	   wait	  ; if no
	bits are on, keep trying	   mov	  a,e	 ; get the data
	from the E register	      out    data   ; send it to the
	device		 ret	       ; done

	The latter routine represents the most typical implementation, as
	I/O ports generally use	a non-zero mask	to indicate the	data ready
	condition.



				       8-22





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	8.25.28	 +PC: Enable Command Print

		<A:00> opt +pc

	The +PC	option allows the printing of commands entered at the
	prompt level when transcript mode is enabled by	CTRL-P or the +PR
	option.	 With this feature, the	output to the printer will be an
	exact replica of what was typed	and displayed at the system
	console.  This is the default setting on startup.


	8.25.29	 -PC: Disable Command Print

		<A:00> opt -pc

	The -PC	option will disable command printing when transcript mode
	is in effect.  Commands	entered	at the prompt level will not be
	displayed on the printer device.  Only output from an executing
	command	will be	printed.  This is useful when a	contiguous
	printout of many commands is desired, without having the listing
	marred by the instructions typed at the	prompt level.


	8.25.30	 +/-PF:	Set Pipe File Location

		<A:00> opt +/-pf (D:)(#/)

	The PF option provides the user	with the ability to select the
	directory which	will be	used to	hold the temporary pipe
	redirection file TMPIPnnn.$$$.	Upon startup, the default is to
	create the temporary file in the directory from	which the piped
	commands were invoked.	Using the PF option, any desired directory
	can be used for	this file.

	Users of hard disk or memory drive (ramdisk) systems should use
	this feature to	have ConIX perform the pipe operation on the
	fastest	storage	medium.	 This will reduce much of the delay when
	using floppy disks for the temporary file.


	8.25.31	 +PR: Enable Transcript	Mode

		<A:00> opt +pr

	This option enables printer transcript mode.  Console output will
	be sent	to the printer device (:LST) as	well as	the console
	screen.	 This option performs the same function	as when	CTRL-P is
	hit to enable transcript printing.










				       8-23





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	8.25.32	 -PR: Disable Transcript Mode

		<A:00> opt -pr

	This option disables transcript	print mode as set by the +PR
	option or a CTRL-P.  This setting is the default on startup.


	8.25.33	 +PS: Set Print	Spooling

		<A:00> opt +ps (#size) (D:)(#/)	(&eof) (#delay)

	The +PS	option is used to activate the print spooling feature.
	The size argument specifies the	number of records to be	set aside
	for use	by the spool file.  The	disk and user codes specify the
	location on disk where the spool file is to be stored.	The name
	of this	file is	CONIX.SPL and is created with its invisible (SYS)
	attribute set.	The default disk and user area is A:0/,	and will
	be used	to hold	the spool file if no location is specified.  The
	default	size is	8 records.  Therefore, invoking	this option with
	no arguments sets the spool file to be 8 records in length and
	stored in A:0/.	 The maximum size of the spool file is 65,535
	records, or, effectively, as large as available	disk space
	permits.

	The eof	argument specifies the character that is to be used as the
	spooler	EOF.  This special character is	used internally	to
	indicate the end of the	spool output stream.  It is set, by
	default, to 0FF	hex.  You may set this to any character	you like
	if FF would be an actual character output to the printer when
	spooling, in which case, you wouldn't want it to be interpreted	as
	an EOF.	 Since only text is sent to the	printer	in most
	applications, the default setting should be fine.  If screen dumps
	or bit-mapped images are output, you must find a character that
	will never be output to	the printer, and set it	to be the EOF.
	The eof	value must be unique in	order for the spooler to function
	properly.

	The delay argument specifies the loop constant used to determine
	the amount of time that	should elapse before spooling restarts
	after a	character is entered at	the console keyboard.  By default,
	this constant is set to	2FFF hex, which	should be sufficient for
	most systems.  If your system utilizes interrupt driven	input,
	then this delay	is probably unnecessary, and should be set to 1,
	the smallest possible value.


	8.25.34	 -PS: Disable Print Spooling

		<A:00> opt -ps

	This option will disable the print spooling feature, and delete
	the spooler file from disk.  Note that it is permissible to do
	this while the system is still spooling	off the	disk file.  To
	prevent	a loss of characters, use the FLUSH command to empty the



				       8-24





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	spooler	before disabling it.


	8.25.35	 +SA: Enable Archive Searching

		<A:00> opt +sa

	When archive searching is enabled by this option, ConIX	will
	automatically search the default archive file, %.ARC, for a
	requested command.  This searching takes place only if the command
	could not be found in the default directory or on the disks in the
	search path.


	8.25.36	 -SA: Disable Archive Searching

		<A:00> opt -sa

	This option disables the automatic archive searching feature, and
	is the default startup setting.


	8.25.37	 +SB: Set BDOS Address (&0006)

		<A:00> opt +sb <&address>

	All programs communicate with the operating system through what
	are known as System Calls, or syscalls for short.  These calls
	request	certain	complex	functions to be	performed, such	as
	creating, writing, reading, and	erasing	files.	A program accesses
	the operating system through a JMP instruction stored at location
	0005 in	memory,	which takes the	program	into the BDOS syscall
	decoder.

	This system entry point	may also be used by a program for
	determining the	amount of TPA memory that is available for storing
	its data.  The address at location 0006	points to the first byte
	in memory occupied by the operating system.  All memory	from
	location 100 hex until this address may	be used	by the program for
	data manipulation.

	The +SB	option allows you to change this address to any	location
	in memory between 100 hex and the top of ConIX (as determined by
	the TOP	internal command).  This is useful for ``cordoning off''
	an area	in memory for data storage (by redirection into	memory,
	etc.) so that programs will not	access it and modify it.

	For example, let's say you wanted to reserve 256 bytes of memory
	for data storage.  You would first determine the top location of
	ConIX, which, for demonstration	purposes, we will say is at the
	address	6000 hex.  Next, subtract 256 from this	number,	giving you
	5F00 hex.  This	will be	the address which you specify to the +SB
	option.	 The actual BDOS entry address will be set to 11 bytes
	before this location.  These bytes will	hold a JMP into	the
	syscall	decoder	and the	four error vector addresses.  The area



				       8-25





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	between	5F00 and 6000 can now be used for safe data storage.  When
	a program looks	at location 0006, it just sees a smaller memory
	space, and will	not disturb your private data area.

	Note that memory management will not execute while the +SB address
	is set.	 This is because the memory size is fixed by this option,
	and managing out ConIX is not going to change it.


	8.25.38	 -SB: Reset BDOS Address

		<A:00> opt -sb

	The -SB	option is used to restore the default BDOS address.  It
	will also return memory	management to its normal mode of
	operation.


	8.25.39	 +/-SL:	Set Screen Length

		<A:00> opt +/-sl <#lines>

	The SL option will set the number of lines per screen for the Auto
	Screen Paging function.	 This number may range from 0 to 255.
	After the specified number of lines are	printed	on the console
	screen,	the system will	automatically wait for the user's signal
	to continue.  The default number of lines per screenful	is set to
	0, thus	disabling the auto-paging feature on startup.


	8.25.40	 +SO: Enable Spooler on	Output

		<A:00> opt +so

	This option will enable	characters waiting in the print	spooler	to
	be sent	to the printer during screen output as well as keyboard
	input.	This setting is	the startup default.


	8.25.41	 -SO: Disable Spooler on Output

		<A:00> opt -so

	This option will disable the print spooler from	outputting its
	characters to the printer during screen	output.	 This setting is
	useful for reducing the	extra overhead required	for running the
	spooler	while characters are being output to the screen.


	8.25.42	 +/-SP:	Set Disk Search	Path

		<A:00> opt +/-sp (path)

	The SP option is used to set the Search	Path which File	and
	Extension Searching will use to	find a file.  The path argument



				       8-26





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	takes the form:

		<disk>(user#)

	where disk represents the disk code, A-P, and user# the	optional
	user code, 0-31.  If no	user number is supplied, 0 will	be
	assumed.  If a `:' is given as the disk, the current default drive
	at the time of the invocation will be assumed.	If a `/' is given
	as the user#, the default user area at invocation will be assumed.

	For example, a path of ``:ab'' will cause a command to be searched
	in the current directory, user area 0 of the current disk, A:0/,
	and B:0/.  Note	that even though there appears to be a chance that
	one directory can be searched more than	once (if you were in A:0/,
	for example), in reality this will never occur.	 Internally, all
	directories that were searched are remembered, and ConIX will
	never waste time searching a directory more than once.


	8.25.43	 +SS: Set the SWITCH Stack

		<A:00> opt +ss <&address> (&size)

	With this option, the location in memory of the	SWITCH stack will
	be set to reside at address.  The length of the	stack is specified
	by the size argument, which indicates the number of characters
	that may be in a SWITCH	construct at one time.	If no size is
	specified, a default of	130 bytes will be assumed.

	The default stack setting resides in area within ConIX memory that
	can accommodate	up to 128 SWITCH characters.  This default is
	activated whenever a Command Language program is invoked.
	Therefore, the SS option can only be used to set the stack within
	a running program.


	8.25.44	 -SS: Restore the SWITCH Stack

		<A:00> opt -ss

	This option will reset the SWITCH stack	to use the default
	internal buffer	of 130 bytes, or 128 characters.


	8.25.45	 +/-ST:	Set Sleep Time Constant

		<A:00> opt +/-st <#value>

	The SLEEP command uses a built-in timing loop for determining the
	amount of real time used by each increment of its argument.  This
	loop simply decrements a number	until it becomes zero.	The ST
	option is used to set this counter to value, which is the number
	of iterations to be executed in	this timing loop.  This	value will
	produce	varied results on different machines, and therefore, you
	must experiment	with different numbers which may range from 0 to



				       8-27





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	65535.	Each loop should idle the CPU for one-tenth of a second.


	8.25.46	 +TA: Set Type-Ahead Buffer

		<A:00> opt +ta <&address> (#size)

	This option will set the address of the	buffer which is	used to
	hold type-ahead	characters.  By	default, this buffer is	set to an
	internal storage area capable of holding up to 80 characters.  The
	specified address sets the location in memory of the type-ahead
	buffer.	 The length of this buffer is determined by the	size
	argument, which, if omitted, is	assumed	to be a	default	of 80
	bytes.


	8.25.47	 -TA: Reset Type-Ahead Buffer

		<A:00> opt -ta

	This option resets the type-ahead buffer address to the	default	80
	character internal storage area.


	8.25.48	 +/-TC:	Set Type-Ahead Cancel Character

		<A:00> opt +/-tc <&char>

	The type-ahead cancel character	is used	to flush all characters	in
	the type-ahead buffer.	It is set by default to	CTRL-_ (1F hex),
	and may	be changed with	this option, where char	is the hex value
	of the new cancel character.  A	value in the control range is
	recommended.


	8.25.49	 +TE: Enable Type-Ahead	Echo

		<A:00> opt +te

	When the +TE option is specified, any input characters which enter
	the type-ahead buffer will be printed to the screen.  This
	provides for the viewing of characters as they are being read into
	the type-ahead buffer.	This setting is	especially useful for
	systems	which do not implement internal	type-ahead.  On	such a
	system,	you would have to wait until a character is read by ConIX
	before typing the next.	 This setting allows for visual
	confirmation of	receipt	of the typed character so that you may
	enter the next.

	Note that echo is not instantaneous, as	ConIX only samples input
	during disk operations and screen output.







				       8-28





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	8.25.50	 -TE: Disable Type-Ahead Echo

		<A:00> opt -te

	The -TE	option disables	the echoing of type-ahead characters as
	set by the +TE option.	This setting is	the default on startup.


	8.25.51	 +TR: Enable Command Tracer

		<A:00> opt +tr

	This option is used to enable the Command Line Tracer, which
	displays each entered command exactly as will be executed.
	Variables referenced on	the command line will be expanded in the
	trace.	In other words,	the contents of	the parsed or final
	command	line will be displayed.

	This command is	most useful for	tracing	the execution of a Command
	Language program, where	each program step will be displayed on the
	console	screen.	 A `+' sign is placed before each trace	line,
	thereby	making it easier to distinguish	program	output from tracer
	output.


	8.25.52	 -TR: Disable Command Tracer

		<A:00> opt -tr

	This option is used to turn off	the command line tracer	which was
	previously enabled by the +TR option.


	8.25.53	 +UC: Set Upper	Case Mapping

		<A:00> opt +uc

	The +UC	option enables the standard action of mapping all
	lowercase letters on the command line to uppercase before
	execution.  This is the	default	mode of	operation on startup.


	8.25.54	 -UC: Disable Upper Case Mapping

		<A:00> opt -uc

	This option will disable the uppercase mapping of all all
	characters typed on the	command	line.  In this mode, the case of
	the characters entered will remain unmodified.	The only exception
	is the command name itself, which will be mapped to uppercase to
	maintain compatibility with disk-based programs	and ConIX internal
	commands.






				       8-29





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	8.25.55	 +/-VF:	Set Variable File Location

		<A:00> opt +/-vf (D:)(#/)

	The 52 disk-based variables are	stored in the disk file	VARS.SET
	which is created with its invisible (SYS) attribute enabled.  By
	default, ConIX will assume to manipulate this file on A:0/.  This
	location may be	changed	by using the VF	option,	where D: is the
	disk code, and #/ is the user area.  Either or both of these codes
	may be specified in the	argument string.


	8.25.56	 +XD: Enable ExpanDisk References

		<A:00> opt +xd <start> (end) (mount)

	This option is used to set the disk drives which will be utilized
	by the ExpanDisk feature.  Any disk drive code (A-P) that is
	referenced in the range	of start to end, will be mounted on the
	mount disk drive.  If the end disk is not specified, it	is set,	by
	default, to drive P:.  If the mount disk is not	specified, it is
	assumed	to be the start	disk minus one drive (as B: - 1	= A:).

	By default, the	start disk is set to I:, the end disk to K:, and
	the mount disk to A:.  Therefore, only drives I, J, and	K
	reference the mount-disk A.  All other drive references	are passed
	unmodified to CP/M.


	8.25.57	 -XD: Disable ExpanDisk	References

		<A:00> opt -xd

	This option disables the ExpanDisk feature.  All drive references
	will be	passed to CP/M for evaluation.


	8.25.58	 +/-XS:	Set Extension Search List

		<A:00> opt +/-xs <.EXT(s)>

	The XS option sets the Extension Search	List, which contains the
	filename extensions for	which ConIX will search	when not found in
	the current directory.	The .EXT argument is the three character
	filename extension of the file to be searched.	Up to 10 such
	extension arguments may	be supplied.


	8.25.59	 +XU: Set Extended User	Areas

		<A:00> opt +xu

	The +XU	option enables command line access to extended user areas
	(16-31), which is the ConIX startup default.  When these user
	areas are enabled, the byte at 0004h will no be	longer used for



				       8-30





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	storing/retrieving the current user area.  This	will cause
	incompatibility	with programs that modify 0004h	to change the
	default	user area.  (A special syscall is now available	to perform
	this function.)


	8.25.60	 -XU: Disable Extended User Areas

		<A:00> opt -xu

	The -XU	option disables	command	line access to user areas above
	15.  This setting provides compatibility with programs that use
	location 0004h to change the default user area.


	8.26  OUT: Output Data to a Port

		<A:00> out <&port> <&data>

	The OUT	command	is used	to write a data	value to a system port,	as
	in:

		<A:00> out 20 3F

	which outputs a	3F to port 20.	Legal port numbers range from 0	to
	FF, which is the standard number of ports that an 8080/Z80 can
	address.


	8.27  READ: Read a File	into Memory

		<A:00> read <&start> <&end> <filename>

	The READ command is used to read a disk	file directly into an area
	of system memory specified by the start	and end	addresses.  The
	filename argument indicates the	name of	the file to be read, as
	in:

		<A:00> read 100	fff foo.asm

	which will read	the disk file FOO.ASM into memory from location
	100 hex	to location FFF.

	If the memory buffer is	not large enough to hold the file, the
	remainder will be discarded.  In any case, the location	after the
	last byte written in memory is stored in the hex variables, with
	$$1 holding the	hi-byte	and $$2	the lo-byte of the address.


	8.28  REN: Rename a Disk File

		<A:00> ren <new>=<old>

	This command is	used to	change the name	of an existing disk file.
	The argument to	REN specifies the new filename to be assigned to



				       8-31





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

	the old, or current name of the	file, as in:

		<A:00> ren foo.sav=foo.asm

	which will change the name of the file FOO.ASM to FOO.SAV.  If you
	wish to	change the name	of a file in disk or user area other than
	the one	you're currently working in, use:

		<A:00> ren b:10/test.asm=test.sav

	which renames the file B:10/TEST.SAV to	B:10/TEST.ASM.	You cannot
	rename files across disks and user areas.  Instead, you	must make
	a copy and delete the original.


	8.29  RESET: Reset Disks

		<A:00> reset (drive(s))

	RESET is used to reset or unlog	the specified disk drive(s).  Each
	drive to be reset is specified as a single letter (A-P)	in the
	first argument.	 For example,

		<A:00> reset bc

	will reset only	drives B: and C:.  If the drive	specification is
	eliminated, all	disks will be reset.  This command is useful for
	cancelling any write protect settings which may	have occurred
	after a	disk swap or write error.

	NOTE: Rumors have it that there	exists a bug in	the CP/M RESET
	DRIVE syscall (#37) which can sometimes	cause damage to	a disk
	directory.  This syscall is used by RESET when the drive(s)
	argument is specified.	We have	not been able to verify	the rumor,
	so exercise caution when using this syscall.  Using RESET without
	arguments to reset all disks at	once should not	be affected by
	this problem.


	8.30  SET: Set Disk Variables

		<A:00> set ((variable) =) (value)

	The SET	command	is used	to change the contents of the 52 disk-
	based letter variables.	 The variable to be set	is specified by	a
	single letter, a-z or A-Z.  Its	value may be given as the third
	argument on the	command	line.  If no argument is given,	a line of
	input will be taken as the value of the	variable.

	For example, the command line:

		<A:00> set a = "hello"

	will set the variable $A to contain the	string "hello".	 The same
	result will occur when using the command:



				       8-32





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

		<A:00> set a =
		hello
		<A:00>

	The only difference is that the	value of $A was	taken from the
	console	input stream instead of	the command line.  Note	that if
	the input stream should	contain	any control characters,	they will
	be stored as a part of the variable.

	If no arguments	are given to SET on the	command	line, then all
	variables which	contain	a value	will be	listed to the screen, as:

		<A:00> set
		A: A:00	 FOO	  ASM  :  FOO	   COM
		X: exec	asm foo.aaz; load foo; foo
		<A:00>

	The number of variables	listed by this operation will be saved in
	the internal hex variable $$0.

	This last feature is the only functional difference between the
	SET and	= (Equals) command.  The Equals	command	was simply
	provided as a matter of	style.	To illustrate, the command:

		<A:00> dir | set a =

	is 100%	equivalent in operation	to the command:

		<A:00> dir | = a

	Both of	these command lines set	the $A variable	to the first line
	of the DIR command output.  However, the latter	usage reads and
	looks much better than the former.  The	SET command seems to imply
	the need for a value on	the command line, as ``set variable A
	equal to something''.  The Equals command seems	to be best suited
	to reading its value from the console input, as	``set something	to
	equal variable A''.

	All letter variables are stored	in the disk file, A:0/VARS.SET.
	This file is created with its SYS attribute set, and will not
	appear in a regular directory listing.	If this	file does not
	exist, it will be created when a variable is set or accessed by
	SET or Equals.	Each variable stored in	the variable file is
	assigned a space of 255	bytes (two records).


	8.31  SRCH: Search for a Byte in Memory

		<A:00> srch <&start> <&end> <&byte> (&new)

	SRCH will search an area of memory for a specific byte,	and print
	each address at	which a	match was found.  The memory to	be
	searched is specified by the start and end addresses.  The value
	it will	be looking for is specified as byte.  For example:




				       8-33





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

		<A:00> srch 100	1ff ff
		13F
		170
		1FA
		<A:00>

	will search memory from	100 to 1FF hex for a data value	of FF.
	The addresses printed represent	the locations in memory	which
	contain	this value.

	You may	also change all	matched	bytes by specifying the	new byte,
	as:

		<A:00> srch 100	1ff ff 0
		13F
		170
		1FA
		<A:00>

	which changes the three	locations which	contained FF to	now
	contain	0.


	8.32  TEXT: Read Text with Editing

		<A:00> text (-)

	The TEXT command will read editable lines of text from the
	keyboard and output them to the	console.  You may reference `$'
	variables directly in the input	stream,	and their contents will	be
	substituted automatically into the output stream.  If you do not
	want this substitution to occur, preface the dollar sign with a
	backslash.  Typing an exclamation point, `!', at the beginning of
	a line,	with no	other characters following it, indicates the end
	of the input stream.  TEXT will	always read from the console
	keyboard, even when used from within a command file.

	If the "-" argument is specified, all leading spaces or	tabs
	before the text	on each	line of	input will be removed before
	printing.  White space between words will be preserved.


	8.33  TOP: Print Top Address of	ConIX

		<A:00> top

	TOP is used to determine the top or starting address of	ConIX in
	memory.	 This address points to	the location in	memory before the
	first byte of the ConIX	machine	code, and is useful for
	calculating the	amount of available TPA	memory.	 Note that the
	address	value returned by TOP is not changed when the OPT +SB
	command	is used.  To determine the true	end of the TPA segment,
	examine	the lo-hi word at location 0006	in memory.





				       8-34





	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	8.34  TYPE: List File Contents

		<A:00> type (file(s))

	TYPE will list the ASCII contents of the specified file(s) to the
	console	screen.	 If no arguments are supplied, TYPE will read its
	input from the console keyboard, terminated by an EOF (CTRL-Z).
	This makes it useful as	a filter when reading characters through a
	pipe stream.


	8.35  UDIR: List Files Through User Areas

		<A:00> udir <#start> <#end> (file(s))

	UDIR will search from the start	to end user area for the specified
	file(s).  If no	files are specified, or	a disk and/or user area	is
	given, the entire directory will be listed.  Files may be
	specified according to the syntax of the DIR command.  For
	example,

		<A:00> udir 0 10 *.asm

	will list the names of all files that end with a .ASM extension	in
	user areas 0 through 10.


	8.36  WP: Write	Protect	Disks

		<A:00> wp (drive(s))

	The WP command will write protect the specified	drive(s), as in:

		<A:00> wp ac
		<A!00>

	where disks A: and C: will be write protected.	If the drive
	specification is omitted, the current drive will be assumed.
	Writing	to a protected disk will cause a system	error:

		Bdos Err On D: R/O

	where R/O means	that the drive was read-only or	write protected.
	This error will	cause the program's execution to be terminated.
	Note that swapping disks without hitting a CTRL-C or performing	a
	disk reset will	automatically cause the	drive to be write
	protected the next time	its directory is accessed.

	If a question mark is specified	as the argument	to WP, a single
	letter corresponding to	each disk which	is software write-
	protected will be listed to the	screen.	 For example:







				       8-35





	Utility	Commands			    ConIX Operating System

		<A!00> wp ?
		AC
		<A!00>

	indicates that disks A:	and C: are currently write-protected.


	8.37  WRITE: Write Memory to a File

		<A:00> write <&start> <&end> <filename>

	The WRITE command is used to save an area of system memory to a
	disk file.  This area is specified by the start	and end	addresses,
	and the	filename indicates the file which is to	hold the data, as
	in:

		<A:00> write 100 fff mem.dat

	which writes memory from location 100 hex to location FFF into the
	file MEM.DAT.

	Note: the WRITE	command	replaces the SAVE command that is built
	into the CP/M CCP.  It's syntax	was:

		SAVE <records> <filename>

	where records indicated	the number of 256 byte buffers in memory
	to be written to the file.  The	WRITE command makes this obsolete
	because	SAVE was limited to starting from location 100 and writing
	only in	increments of 256.  Using WRITE, you no	longer have to
	convert	into records the amount	of memory which	is to be written.
	Direct addressing specifies this for you, quickly and easily.

	To convert from	the old	SAVE to	WRITE, use the formula:

		end = (256*(records+1))-1

	where records is the number of 256 byte	buffers	normally specified
	to the SAVE command.  The start	address	should be specified as 100
	hex.


	8.38  XSTAT: Print Exit	Status

		<A:00> xstat (&status)

	The XSTAT command will report the exit status of the previously
	executed command.  After XSTAT finishes	execution, it will set the
	given exit status.  If invoked without the status argument, the
	exit status of the previous command will be maintained.	 In this
	way, you may place XSTAT in a command sequence to monitor the exit
	status of a particular command without affecting the operation of
	the whole.





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	ConIX Operating	System				  Utility Commands

	8.39  ZAP: Modify Memory

		<A:00> zap <&address> (&value(s))

	With the ZAP command you can change the	data stored at any
	location in system memory.  The	start address points to	the first
	location to be changed.	 The specified value will be placed in
	memory at that location.  Additional values will be stored
	sequentially from the start address, as:

		<A:00> zap 100 c3 00 00

	which changes location 100 hex to C3, and locations 101	and 102	to
	00.


	8.40  Command Name Conflicts

	If you have a disk-based .COM file with	the same name as a ConIX
	built-in command, the ConIX command will always	execute	when
	requested.  This is because ConIX attempts to find a command
	internally before searching the	disk directory.	 To resolve this
	conflict, you can either change	the name of the	program	to one
	that doesn't conflict, or preface the command name with	a colon
	when invoked on	the command line, as:

		<A:00> :<command> (arg(s))

	where the requested command will only be searched for in the disk
	directory and search path.




























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